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    January 29

    终极的自由

        上个后半学期以来,从看易中天的《先秦诸子百家争鸣》开始(最近才完结),到后来读冯友兰的《中国哲学简史》,把中国古代的各家哲学思想基本梳理了一遍。对于来到美帝国后,便终日大谈"Freedom"的鄙人,其中的道家思想自然最令我钟爱,尤其是庄子的“真实而自由地活着”(易氏的总结)的人生理想。

        然而现实中,为了养家糊口,抑或是缚于道德舆论,人们往往身不由己。于是道家思想发端于老子的“以无为求有为”,延伸至庄子的“以无为求无为”,最终发展为佛家禅宗(佛与道的完美结合)的“以有为求无为”(易氏的总结)。所谓“以有为求无为”,简单地说,就是“身不由己,心由己”,抑或是,“事照做,心照无”。我以为,这是“精神肉体分离术”还未发明之前,又或者耶稣的信徒们还未上天堂之前,能达到的“终极的自由”。

        本来认为这只不过是东方的哲思,不意昨日读到旧友的一篇文章,发现原来西方也有相当类似的思想,甚至比起道家更多了一份积极乐观,不胜感慨,以下转载全文。

        [贴] 无题

        http://user.qzone.qq.com/82952819

         长期以来,对于人性,一般都认为是遗传与幼年环境的产物。然而,维克多·弗兰克的理论却改变了这种传统看法。维克多·弗兰克是一位犹太裔心理学家,信奉弗洛伊德学派,该派认为一个人的本性在幼年时期即已定型,而且会左右一生,日后改变的可能性微乎其微。弗兰克由于是犹太人,二次期间全家被投入纳粹集中营,除了一个妹妹,所有亲人都死于纳粹魔掌,本人也受到严刑拷打,朝不保夕。面对这种悲剧,作为一个心理学家,他常常不由自主地思考人生的意义与解脱苦难之道。
      
      一天,他赤身裸体独处囚室,忽然意识到一种全新的感受,他称之为“人类终极的自由”。在客观环境上,他的自由完全被纳粹所剥夺,但他的自我意识却仍然是完全独立的,超脱于肉体束缚之外。他可以自行决定外界的刺激对自身的影响程度。换句话说,在刺激与反应之间,许多人就象巴甫洛夫实验中的狗,听见铃声就流口水,但一个心智成熟的人,却可以在刺激与反应之间,去选择自己的回应。弗兰克认定,人类的终极自由,就是“选择的自由”,无论外界的刺激如何,一个人都可以选择自己的反应。
      
      当弗兰克发现了“选择的自由”后,每当面临严刑拷打,他便想象各式各样的状况,比如获释后如何站在讲台上,把这一段痛苦折磨得来的体验,传授给学生;比如自由以后,漫步在香榭丽舍大道,与法国美女同行,等等。凭着想象与记忆,他不断锻炼自己的意志,直到心灵的自由终于超越了纳粹的禁锢。这种超越也感召了其他的囚犯,甚至狱卒。他协助难友在苦难中找到意义,寻回自尊。
      
      正如美国将军与弗兰克的亲身经历所告诉我们,人生的问题,并不在于你面临什么样的处境,而在于你选择做什么的人。每个人都拥有“选择的自由”,当别人辱骂你时,你可以反唇相讥,可以暴跳如雷,可以泰然处之,可以退缩回避,问题并不并于别人骂你,而在于你如何回应。你身边的人,不可能每个人都看见你的内心,但每个人都能看到你的反应,而你的反应,就构成了公众眼中的你。正由于这个道理,很多人都认为是别人的不良言行污辱了自己的形象,而其实是,你的不正确的反应,污辱了你自己的形象。

    Comments (14)

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    伟志 李wrote:
    我思故我在(自在的在)
    20 Apr.
    杨华wrote:
    高境界列!
    22 Mar.
    fred Wangwrote:
    最喜欢魏晋的风流
    17 Feb.
    祥云。。。还筋斗云涅~
    5 Feb.
    硕 李wrote:
    to Xin:
    背后有光环那是佛祖;头顶有光环那是天使;还是道家的飘逸好,给我脚下来片祥云得了,哈哈哈哈
    5 Feb.
    Xin Liuwrote:
    突然觉得你背后可以闪耀光环哒。。
    4 Feb.
    硕 李wrote:
    to babyfish,
    莫名其妙。。。
    3 Feb.
    问题最终还是自己解决鸟……
    2 Feb.
    帅 舒张wrote:
    我都很少这样写中文了……
    2 Feb.
    Fang Chenwrote:
    飘过~~好久没看这样的文章了.退化中~~
    30 Jan.
    Mandy Yuanwrote:
    It's obvious that optimism is better. I'll try to be optimism, but it will be hard. 'Cause as you claimed, personality is decided by Gene. As the "life decision theory" claims, it is decided from the moment that the earth is constructed.
    30 Jan.
    晓明 朱wrote:
    I saw an "阿Q" from Mr. Frank...
    29 Jan.
    硕 李wrote:
    About optimism and pessimism, it's not telling U which one is better, it's telling U that U can choose, by yourself!
    29 Jan.
    Mandy Yuanwrote:
    I don't know whether this log has anything related to my previous one in which I talked about jail. Or maybe everyone here feels the same way 'cause this wonderland is not our home. Psychology sounds difficult, but it is more like another way to talk about optimism and pessimism.
    29 Jan.

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